India occupies a distinctive position in global climate politics. It is home to around 18% of the world’s population and is the world’s third-largest emitter of carbon dioxide in absolute terms, accounting for approximately 7% of global emissions. However, its per capita emissions remain relatively low at around 2 tonnes of CO₂ per person annually, compared with roughly 14 tonnes in the United States. This contrast has shaped India’s position in international climate negotiations.
Traditionally, Indian governments have argued that climate action and economic development involve difficult trade-offs. At successive UN climate conferences, India has emphasised the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”, arguing that developed countries became wealthy through fossil-fuel-led industrialisation and therefore bear greater responsibility for tackling climate change. India has resisted calls for rapid coal phase-outs, successfully pushing at COP26 for language referring to a “phase down” rather than a “phase out” of coal. It has also argued that developing countries require longer timelines for decarbonisation to achieve industrialisation, energy security and poverty reduction. This position reflects a realist interpretation of global politics. States prioritise national interests and economic development above collective goals. From this perspective, continuing to use fossil fuels may be justified if it supports growth and rising living standards.
However, climate change is increasingly undermining the very development India seeks to protect. Extreme heatwaves, flooding and changing rainfall patterns are imposing growing economic costs. In 2024, India lost an estimated 247 billion potential labour hours due to heat exposure, contributing to economic losses of approximately $194 billion. Temperatures above 45°C have become increasingly common in northern India, while nearly 90% of India’s workforce is employed in the informal sector, leaving millions particularly vulnerable to extreme weather.
As these impacts intensify, the established trade-off between development and climate action becomes less convincing. Climate change is no longer simply an environmental challenge; it is increasingly a barrier to economic growth, productivity and human development. Consequently, reducing emissions and adapting to climate change are becoming aligned objectives as the costs of climate inaction become more severe.